Valutare il merito. Pistis ed epiekeia nella Retorica di Aristotele.

Nel secondo capitolo del primo libro della Retorica, definendo la prova basata sull’ethos (1356a 4-13), Aristotele collega la capacità dell’oratore di risultare credibile (pistos) presso il suo uditorio all’epieikeia, una qualità morale tipica del saggio (phronimos) che svolge un ruolo importante anche nella teoria aristotelica della giustizia (EN 1337a 32-1138a 3). In linea generale, la caratteristica specifica dell’epieikes è per Aristotele la capacità di esprimere giudizi e prendere decisioni caso per caso tenendo conto delle circostanze, anche al di là di ciò che è stabilito dalla legge (dikaion). In questo articolo mettiamo in luce come questo riferimento all’epieikeia in ambito retorico offra numerosi spunti di riflessione sulla questione più generale relativa alla valutazione del merito nel discorso pubblico.In the second chapter of the first book of Rhetoric, when Aristotle defines the proof based on the ethos (1356a 4-13), he links the credibility of the speaker to the epieikeia, a moral quality typical of the wise man (phronimos) which plays an important role also in the Aristotelian theory of justice (EN 1337a 32-1138a 3). In general, according to Aristotle the specific characteristic of the epieikes is the ability to make judgments and make case-by-case decisions, taking into account the circumstances, even beyond what is established by law (dikaion). In this article we point out that this reference to epieikeia in the rhetoric offers food for thought on the more general issue concerning the evaluation of merit in public discourse

Le retoriche della concordia

L'uso dell'espressione “Les rhétoriques de la concorde”, è la conseguenza di una scelta ben precisa: attribuire una funzione politica al genere epidittico. A questa scelta si possono opporre delle critiche legittime, tenuto conto che le fonti antiche presentano i discorsi epidittici come discorsi di circostanza che ruotano attorno alle nozioni di elogio e di biasimo. L’idea di una funzione politica del genere epidittico si fonda su un’interpretazione inizialmente proposta da Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca. A partire da questo - e alla luce dei contributi che la curatela raccoglie - gli autori ragionano sul nesso inscindibile epidittico/politica.The expression "Les rhétoriques de la concorde", is the consequence of a precise choice: assigning a political function to the epideictic genre. This choice can be opposed to legitimate criticism, given that the ancient sources present the epidemic discourses as discourses on circumstance that revolve around the praise and the blame. The idea of a political function of the epidemic type is based on an interpretation initially proposed by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca. Starting from this - and in the light of the contributions that the editors collect - the authors reason about the inseparable epidictic/political link

Citizens, citizenship and European Union: an open bet? The culture of legality

Although the meanings of citizenship, active citizenship and organized crime are still open to debate, we try to show the evaluation of the culture of legality and the investments in social, economic and cultural programs for youth as a major defense for such a capillary phenomenon. There is also general agreement that EU programs for endorsing citizenship and active citizenship represent an effective tool for creating transnational networks of young people committed to EU values. Thus, they perceive the culture of legality as the best form of protection against arbitrary violence with references not only to a developed (and eventually harmonized) system of legal sanctions, but also to the fulfillment of individual and collective freedom. We try to shed light on these concept by teh tools provided by political science and philosophy of language

Influence Of The Electrical Parameters On The Fabrication Of Copper Nanowires Into Anodic Alumina Templates

Metallic copper nanowires have been grown into the pores of alumina membranes by electrodeposition from an aqueous solution containing CuSO4 .and H3BO3 at pH 3. In order to study the influence of the electrical parameters on growth and structure of nanowires, different deposition potentials (both in the region where hydrogen evolution reaction is allowed or not) and voltage perturbation modes (constant potential or unipolar pulsed depositions) were applied. In all cases, pure polycrystalline Cu nanowires were fabricated into template pores, having lengths increasing with the total deposition time. These nanowires were self-standing, because they retain their vertical orientation and parallel geometry even after total template dissolution. However, the electrical parameters influence the growth rate, length uniformity and crystal size of the nanowires. Continuous electrodeposition resulted in higher growth rates but less uniform lengths of nanowires grown inside different membrane pores, whilst a square pulse deposition produced a slower growth but quite uniform lengths. Also the grain size, of the order of 50 nm, was slightly influenced by the potential perturbation mode

Lead Nanowires for Microaccumulators Obtained Through Indirect Electrochemical Template Deposition

Metallic lead nanowires were deposited within pores of commercial anodic alumina membranes having an average pore diameter of 210 nm. “Direct” electrodeposition was attempted from 0.1 M Pb NO3 2 aqueous solution with a variable concentration of H3BO3 as a chelating agent, but it gave unsatisfactory results. An “indirect” two-step deposition procedure was then adopted, consisting of the anodic electrodeposition of -PbO2 nanowires, followed by their in situ reduction to metallic lead. Both these processes occurred at a high rate so that the indirect method led to a complete template pore filling with pure polycrystalline Pb in short times and with a high current efficiency

Fabrication and Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Ordered CIGS Nanowire Arrays for Application in Solar Cells

In this work, we report some preliminary results concerning the fabrication of quaternary copper, indium, gallium, and selenium CIGS nanowires that were grown inside the channels of an anodic alumina membrane by one-step potentiostatic deposition at different applied potentials and room temperature. A tunable nanowire composition was achieved through a manipulation of the applied potential and electrolyte composition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that nanowires, whose chemical composition was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis, were amorphous. A composition of Cu0.203In0.153Ga0.131Se0.513, very close to the stoichiometric value, was obtained. These nanostructures were also characterized by photoelectrochemical measurements: They showed a cathodic photocurrent and an optical gap of 1.55 eV

Spazi di fiducia, spazi di potere

Il presente contributo propone alcune riflessioni teoriche sui meccanismi di funzionamento della fiducia e sul ruolo che essa svolge nelle relazioni sociali, nella costruzione dei rapporti di forza e nella gestione del potere, in relazione ai processi di percezione del fenomeno mafios

Troponina e infarto periprocedurale: filo di Arianna o folle volo di Icaro?

Percutaneous coronary interventions cause frequently an increase in myocardial necrosis markers. Is troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention a predictor of events at follow-up or a consequence of the procedure with no cause-effect relationship with prognosis? The debate is still ope

Estimation of biogas produced by the landfill of Palermo, applying a Gaussian model

In this work, a procedure is suggested to assess the rate of biogas emitted by the Bellolampo landfill (Palermo, Italy), starting from the data acquired by two of the stations for monitoring meteorological parameters and polluting gases. The data used refer to the period November 2005–July 2006. The methane concentration, measured in the CEP suburb of Palermo, has been analysed together with the meteorological data collected by the station situated inside the landfill area. In the present study, the methane has been chosen as a tracer of the atmospheric pollutants produced by the dump. The data used for assessing the biogas emission refer to night time periods characterized by weak wind blowing from the hill toward the city. The methane rate emitted by the Bellolampo dump has been evaluated using a Gaussian model and considering the landfill both as a single point source and as a multiple point one. The comparison of the results shows that for a first approximation it is sufficient to consider the landfill of Palermo as a single point source. Starting from the monthly percentage composition of the biogas, estimated for the study period, the rate of biogas produced by the dump was evaluated. The total biogas produced by the landfill, obtained as the sum of the emitted component and the recovered one, ranged from 7519.97 to 10,153.7 m 3 /h. For the study period the average monthly estimations of biogas emissions into the atmosphere amount to about 60% of the total biogas produced by the landfill, a little higher than the one estimated by the com- pany responsible for the biogas recovery plant at the landfill

Electrochemical deposition of CZTS thin films on flexible substrate

Solar cells based on semiconductor thin films are emerging as alternative to silicon;however,the materials giving the highest efficiency,CdTe and CuInGaSe,contain toxic (Cd) and rare (In) elements.In this field,the challenge is to substitute In and Cd with abundant and non-toxic elements without lowering the high efficiency achieved with these technologies.Compounds based on copper,zinc,tin and sulfur (CZTS) are potentially promising materials,because they present all the above listed features.Among the different methods to obtain CZTS,the electrochemical route appears of great interest because easy to conduct.Up to date,the literature shows that non-uniformity in composition and/or the presence of secondary phases prevent the obtainment of electrochemical CZTS thin-film of high quality.In this paper,we present the principal results of an extensive investigations conducted in order to find suitable conditions for growing CZTS thin films with good performance through the simultaneous electrodeposition of elements having different standard electrochemical potentials.Thin films were obtained on a flexible substrate by potentiostatic deposition from aqueous baths by changing different deposition parameters (bath composition and temperature,deposition time).Chemical composition and structure of the electrodeposited films were evaluated by EDS,SEM,RAMAN and XRD.Preliminary results on the photoelectrochemical behaviour of the films will be also presented